Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring

Raymond Charles Awortu; Victor K. Robinson; Julia R. Awortu; Renner Renner Nrior; Eteyen A; Uko

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Original Article
Online Published: 15 Oct 2026

Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2026; 3(4): 178-184

doi: 10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring

Raymond Charles Awortu, Victor K. Robinson, Julia R. Awortu, Renner Renner Nrior, Eteyen A, Uko.

Abstract
Aim/Background: The introduction of Gammalin 20 in aquatic ecosystems could alter the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) leading to adverse effects on primary and secondary producers. This study investigated the biodegradation capacity of Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. on Gammalin 20 polluted estuarine water by monitoring BOD and COD.
Methodology: Water samples were collected from Okwang Udung Asarama, Andoni Local Government Area, Rivers State. The test organisms were isolated from the water sample using vapour phase transfer technique at 50 % concentration of Gammalin 20 on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The degradation test was conducted in triplicate using 960 mL of sterile estuarine habitat water supplemented with 39 mL of Gammalin 20. The setup was inoculated with 1 mL freshly prepared Aspergillus sp. and 1 mL of a freshly prepared Penicillium sp. into each conical flask, respectively the control flask kept without introduction of test organism. The mixture was then carefully placed in a sharker incubator for 24 days to ensure proper contact of the sample with the test organism. Samples were taken at regular intervals for BOD and COD analysis.
Results: Results obtained showed an initial surge in BOD and COD immediately after addition of Gammalin 20 compared to the control. However, after 24 days, a marked reduction with (P ≤ 0.01) of up to 94.0 % and 89.3 % was recorded for BOD and 92.9 % and 90.2 % for COD for both Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., respectively, compared to the control.
Conclusion: The drastic reduction in BOD and COD shows the ability of the test organism to biodegrade and mitigate the adverse effects of gammalin 20 in aquatic ecosystem if allowed for a long time.

Key words: Key words: Gammalin 20, BOD, COD Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Aquatic ecosystem

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Awortu RC, Robinson VK, Awortu JR, Nrior RR, A E, Uko . Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2026; 3(4): 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Web Style

Awortu RC, Robinson VK, Awortu JR, Nrior RR, A E, Uko . Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. https://www.wisdomgale.com/ejmid/?mno=300471 [Access: October 25, 2026].

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Awortu RC, Robinson VK, Awortu JR, Nrior RR, A E, Uko . Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2026; 3(4): 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Awortu RC, Robinson VK, Awortu JR, Nrior RR, A E, Uko . Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. (2026), [cited October 25, 2026]; 3(4): 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Harvard Style

Awortu, R. C., Robinson, . V. K., Awortu, . J. R., Nrior, . R. R., A, . E. & Uko, . (2026) Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis, 3 (4), 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Turabian Style

Awortu, Raymond Charles, Victor K. Robinson, Julia R. Awortu, Renner Renner Nrior, Eteyen A, and Uko. 2026. Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3 (4), 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

Chicago Style

Awortu, Raymond Charles, Victor K. Robinson, Julia R. Awortu, Renner Renner Nrior, Eteyen A, and Uko. "Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring." European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3 (2026), 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Awortu, Raymond Charles, Victor K. Robinson, Julia R. Awortu, Renner Renner Nrior, Eteyen A, and Uko. "Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring." European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3.4 (2026), 178-184. Print.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Awortu, R. C., Robinson, . V. K., Awortu, . J. R., Nrior, . R. R., A, . E. & Uko, . (2026) Biodegradation Capacity of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium on Gammalin 20 Polluted Estuarine Water Through Bod and Cod Monitoring. European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3 (4), 178-184.

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20251130081320