Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease

Samuel Oluwaseun Alowoeshin; Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede; Timothy Kwame Asem; Favour Onasokhare Okunbi; Anthony Nduka Kokelu; Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Eu J Sci Res Rev. 2025; 3(2): 85-104

doi: 10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease

Samuel Oluwaseun Alowoeshin, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson.

Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient critical for numerous biological processes, including oxygen transport, mitochondrial respiration, DNA synthesis, and enzymatic reactions. However, its redox activity also renders it potentially toxic, necessitating precise regulation of its absorption, transport, storage, and recycling. This review explores the molecular mechanisms that govern iron homeostasis at both systemic and cellular levels, highlighting the pivotal roles of hepcidin, ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and iron regulatory proteins (IRPs). Dysregulation in these pathways can lead to either iron deficiency or iron overload, both of which are associated with significant morbidity. The paper categorizes iron metabolism disorders into primary and secondary iron overload disorders—such as hereditary hemochromatosis, ferroportin disease, aceruloplasminemia, and transfusional siderosis—as well as iron deficiency syndromes including iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammation, and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Emphasis is placed on the genetic basis, pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, and current treatment strategies for each condition. Furthermore, the review discusses the clinical implications of misregulated iron metabolism in systemic diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, endocrine dysfunction, and malignancy. By integrating recent advances in molecular biology with clinical data, this work underscores the necessity of early diagnosis and tailored therapeutic approaches to mitigate complications arising from iron imbalance. Understanding these intricate regulatory networks provides a foundation for improved management and the development of targeted interventions for iron-related disorders.

Key words: KEYWORDS: Hepcidine, ferroportin, anaemia, iron overload, transferrin, iron deficiency

	ARTICLE TOOLS
	Abstract
	PDF Fulltext
	How to cite this article
	Citation Tools
	Related Records
	Articles by Samuel Oluwaseun Alowoeshin Articles by Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede Articles by Timothy Kwame Asem Articles by Favour Onasokhare Okunbi Articles by Anthony Nduka Kokelu Articles by Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson
	on Google
	on Google Scholar

How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. 2025; 3(2): 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Web Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. https://www.wisdomgale.com/ejsrr/?mno=258964 [Access: June 27, 2026].

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. 2025; 3(2): 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. (2025), [cited June 27, 2026]; 3(2): 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Harvard Style

Alowoeshin, S. O., Ovwigho-ugbede, . O. C., Asem, . T. K., Okunbi, . F. O., Kokelu, . A. N. & Forson, . K. A. A. M. (2025) Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev, 3 (2), 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Turabian Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. 2025. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3 (2), 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Chicago Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. "Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease." European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 3 (2025), 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. "Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease." European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 3.2 (2025), 85-104. Print.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alowoeshin, S. O., Ovwigho-ugbede, . O. C., Asem, . T. K., Okunbi, . F. O., Kokelu, . A. N. & Forson, . K. A. A. M. (2025) Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3 (2), 85-104.

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912