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2026, Vol: 6, Issue: 1
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Original Article
Online Published: 04 Mar 2026
 


Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment

Simon Kenas, Gerald Enda, Gracia Marei, Aminu Shittu, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina.


Abstract
Background
Small ruminant production is important for food security in Papua New Guinea (PNG), yet research on goat health management, particularly gastrointestinal parasitism, remains limited. Understanding parasite burdens and treatment efficacy is essential for improving productivity.
Methods
A five-month prospective cross-sectional study with repeated measures was conducted on a university goat farm in PNG. Fecal egg counts (EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique and log-transformed for analysis. The effects of host factors (sex, age, breed, body condition score) and treatment on log(EPG) were evaluated using multivariable mixed-effects Poisson regression.
Results
Log-transformation normalized the skewed EPG data. Fenbendazole treatment reduced egg counts of major parasites, including Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. Higher EPG was associated with male sex (19.2% higher expected log(EPG), P = 0.015) and higher FAMACHA scores (8.6% increase per unit, P = 0.022). Younger goats also had significantly higher counts. Breed and body condition score were not significant predictors.
Conclusion
Fenbendazole was effective at the recommended dose under farm conditions. However, FAMACHA scores did not reliably correlate with EPG in this short-term study. Targeted deworming should consider sex and anemia status, while further research is needed to validate FAMACHA for EPG prediction in PNG goat systems.

Key words: Mixed-effects Poisson modelling; Gastrointestinal parasite; Papua New Guinea; Fenbendazole; goat; small ruminant.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Kenas S, Enda G, Marei G, Shittu A, Fasina FO. Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. J Res Vet Sci. 2026; 6(1): 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808

Web Style

Kenas S, Enda G, Marei G, Shittu A, Fasina FO. Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. https://www.wisdomgale.com/jrvs/?mno=299436 [Access: March 09, 2026]. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kenas S, Enda G, Marei G, Shittu A, Fasina FO. Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. J Res Vet Sci. 2026; 6(1): 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kenas S, Enda G, Marei G, Shittu A, Fasina FO. Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. J Res Vet Sci. (2026), [cited March 09, 2026]; 6(1): 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


Harvard Style

Kenas, S., Enda, . G., Marei, . G., Shittu, . A. & Fasina, . F. O. (2026) Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. J Res Vet Sci, 6 (1), 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


Turabian Style

Kenas, Simon, Gerald Enda, Gracia Marei, Aminu Shittu, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina. 2026. Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences, 6 (1), 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


Chicago Style

Kenas, Simon, Gerald Enda, Gracia Marei, Aminu Shittu, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina. "Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment." Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences 6 (2026), 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kenas, Simon, Gerald Enda, Gracia Marei, Aminu Shittu, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina. "Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment." Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences 6.1 (2026), 84-109. Print. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kenas, S., Enda, . G., Marei, . G., Shittu, . A. & Fasina, . F. O. (2026) Mixed-Effects Poisson Modelling of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Goats and Efficacy of Fenbendazole Treatment. Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences, 6 (1), 84-109. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20251125085808




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